‘Media culture mostly support the hegemony of specific power group’ Explain

• Name              : Dodiya Mehul Maheshbhai 
• Roll No           : 23
• Enrollment No: 206910840120011
• Class               : M.A. Sem 2
• Paper Name    : Culture Studies
• Question  : ‘Media culture mostly support the hegemony of specific power group’ Explain
• Words    :  1598
•  Percentage   :
• Year                          : 2017/19
• Submitted to   : Smt. S. B. Gardi Department of English, Maharaja Krishnakumarsinhji Bhavnagar University 

Question: ‘Media culture mostly support the hegemony of specific power group’ Explain

In the culture studies, media culture refers to the current Western Capitalist society that emerged and developed from 20th century. it is linked with communication and community.  Communication is about the respresentation, language and discourse. We can say that language and representation is the central to the production, consumption and mediation of the cultural product. There were important to looked the stucture and technologies through representations. In cultural intermediaries we have seen how marketing and advertisement generate a design for culture and material objects and are thus central to the production concumption patterns of culture. Advertising, marketing and critique are all features associated with media. Media are technologies of communication and threre of meaning production and meaning dissemination. Like our call conversation. It  can be a medium of mass commuication, like our film, movie. Film are often referred to as mass media or mass communication.

• What is Mass media ?

  Mass communication is the study of how people exchange information through mass media to lage segment of the population at the same time. In other words, mass communication is refer to the imparting and exchanging of information on large scale to a wide range of people. It usually understood to related to newspaper, magazine and book, television and movie. Mass media like film affect and influence a large number of people, and are therefore integral to culture. Mass media constitute a public space. They oftenly generat the debates influence opinion and create markets. They most of controlled by state, like doordarshan and star tv. Accoding to K. Turner, 

“Popular culture and the mass media have a symbiotic relationship; each depends on the other in an intimate collaboration.”

                  The news media mines the work of scientists and scholars and conveys it to the general public often emphasizing elements that have inherent appeal or the power to amaze. Study media culture is not only to focus on the symbolic values and it is production of desire is central aspects of any media but also paying attention. Cultural studies of the media begin with the assumption that media culture and here we speak of wide range of media from print to the internet is political and ideological. Media culture reproduces existing social values, oppressions and inequalities, for examples.. T,V serial of film return us to the glorified perfect family, they gloss over the gender inequalities twashat exist within the patriarchal family structure,

• What is Hegemony Power?

               Hegemony comes to English from the Greek word hegemonia which means exposition or explanation. The term was first used in English in the mid 16th century in reference to the control once wielded by the ancient Greek statesl and it was reapplied in later centuries as other nations subsequently rose to power. By the 20th century, it had acquired a second sense referring to the social or cultural influence wielded by a dominant member over other of its kind, sach as the domination withinan  an industry by a business conglomerate over smaller businesses. Hegemony is the political, economical or military predominance or control of one state over other. Hegemony came to denote the ‘social or cultural predominance by one group within a society or milieu’. According to Wikipedia that, ‘in international relations theor, hegemony denotes a situation of 1) great material asymmetry in favour of one state, who has 2) enough military power to systematically defeat any power to systematically defeat any potential contester in the system, 3) Controls the access to raw materials, natural resources, capital and markets 4) has competitive advantages in the production of value added goods. 5) generates an accepted ideology reflecting this status quo; and 6) is functionally differentiated from other states in the system being expected to provide certain public goods such as security or commercial and financial stability. The Marxist theory of cultural hegemony, associsted particularly with Antonic Gramsci, is value system and mores of a society, so that their view becames the words, ‘Gramsci normally uses the word hegemony to mean the ways in which a governing power wins consent to its rule from those it subjugates.’  Hegemony is the social, cultural, ideological or economic influence exerted by  dominant group. 

      Media culture clearly reflects the multiple sides of contemporary debates and problems. It is for this reason that any reading of the media must always be a political reading, for examples, recently one dabates increase that ‘Ram Mandir or Babari masjid’ that time  all the news channel set a program about this topic on hour and hour. They invites many guest on them program. Ram mandir and Babri Masjid dispute: Asaduddin Owaisi and Subramanian Swamy debate the issue. The disputing parties find a matually acceptable solution to this decade lonf dispute and the mojor political leaders and other reacting consciousness. Center stage of national consciousness. Among them were BJP leader Subramanian Swami and AIMIM chief Asaduddin Owasi. There we find that the current topic became more political as well as the Social issue. That we find that media like social media like Facebook, Twitter, Whats app. And T.V chennal and News chenal support hegemony of specific power. i would like to give more examples that, recently the Dalit Samaj or Patidar samaj became more increase that time media also became more signification way to representation them issue and media also supported to power.  media culture helps reinforce the hegemony and power specific political, cultural and economic group. The representations in the media are,

1. Suggestive
2. Provocative

      

              This means they suggest ideologies that the audience, if not alert iimbibes. Media culture doesnot need to declare its position or ideology openly: it only needs suggest. Showing a film star guzzling coke in a film or using particular brands of clothinf not necessarily a marketing strategy for the product. But what it does is to suggest that stars wear certain kind of the product. We can see our advertisement there were represent the product we is worthless. I would like to gives one example on Colgate toothpaste. First of all we used neem stick for washing or teeth. After the advertisement we started to use colgate. And now aday they advertisement on colgate and say through  actresses that ‘Kya aapke toothpaste me Neem or Namak Hai?’ that means they everytime suggest us that this is good and that is bad. It means actresses decided our daily using what we should to use or what is not. Media culture is Provocative because it sometime asks us to rethink what we know or reinforce what we believe in. thus the portrayal of Pakistan as a ‘terrorist state’  in hindi movies reinforce the political and social images of Pakistan by raising our anger levels at the injustices of Pakistan’s army. For examples bollywood movie like Border,  Maa tuje Slam, Tengucheli etc we find that they increase our anger feeling for Pakistan. Recently before the Sarjikal Stike, Grandmaster Shifuji Shaurya Bhardwaj dissemination video on Pakistan. He speaked amusing word for Pakistan for the medium of media. Cultural Studies of popular media cultural seeks to bring to the surface the ideology and political ideas hidden in mass media entertainment, in the belief that media culture transmits ideologies that reinforce oppressive structure of class, gender sexuality and race through popular representations.

Media is no doubt a powerful tool that affects not only individuals but other institutions including society and culture, Media  are the insititution that ‘not only reflected and sustained the consensus’ but ‘help produce consensus and manufactured consent’, acting as an important tool to establish hegemomy, hall analysis the media through a hegemonic framework, he starts by saying that public trust media because ideologically they projects independence and impartiality from the political or economic interests of the state. However media existing within a state are obliged to follow the ‘formal protocols of broadcasting’ and depend on the form of state and political system which licenses them. Hence the question of their operation being state driven is very likely. Hall mention media as being an ‘ideological state apparatus’ used to mediate social conflicts. The concluding that news or information selection in mass media might not necessarily be influence by hegemony ideology and that journalists are not always socialized to dominant ideology. 

Conclusion

Though the concept of hegemony has its own limitations it has proved worthwhile in understanding the media organization and the information they impart against a broader background which helps create a mass culture that in turn influences attitude and behavior in the society. It has equally contributed to an understanding of the relationship between media and power by using the hegemony concept and analyzing how the media industry  functions we were able to understand the role that the media playing inn mass culturea and how this role reinforce  hegemony. An important institutional such as the media that plays a vital role in the society if, in itself is influenced by hegemony the role that it might play in the society is unquestionably influence by hegemony ideology. 

Theory of Depersonalization.

• Name              : Dodiya Mehul Maheshbhai 
• Roll No           : 23
• Enrollment No: 206910840120011
• Class               : M.A. Sem 2
• Paper Name    : Literary Criticism and Terms 2
• Question        : Theory of Depersonalization.
• Words    :  1800
•  Percentage   :
• Year                          : 2017/19
• Submitted to   : Smt. S. B. Gardi Department of English, Maharaja Krishnakumarsinhji Bhavnagar University 

Question: Theory of Depersonalization.

               Thomas Stearns Eliot was a British essayist, publisher playwright, literary and social critic and one of the 20th century’s major poet. He gone to England at the age of 25, for settling, working and marrying. He eventually became a British subject in 1927 at the age of 39. His poem “The Love song of J. Alfred Prufrock”” is the masterpiece of the modernist movement. His classical essay ‘Tradition and individual Talent’ was first published in 1919 in the literary magazine “The Egoist”. It was published in two parts. Eliot most of known for poetry. He also contributed to the field of literary criticism. “Tradition and Individual Talent” is one of the more well known works. It formulates Eliot’s influential conception of the relationship between the poet and the literary tradition which precedes them. He say;

“From time to time it is desirable, that some critic shall appear to review the past of our literature and set the poets and the poems in a new order”

Eliot demands from any critic ability for judgement and powerful liberty of mind to identify and to interpret. Eliot planned numberous critical concept that gained wide  currency and had a broad in influence on criticism. The essay is divided into three main section:

1. Concept of Tradition
2. Theory of depersonalization
3. Eliot concludes the debate by saying that the ‘poet’s sense of tradition and the impersonality of poetry are complementary things.’

            Eliot says about englishmen’s attitude toward French literature. Englishmen have a habit to feel proud on themselves. That is the proud for their creativity and more for their ‘less’ criticality. Eliot comaparesEnglish with French that they have habit of critical method and English have habit of ‘conclusion’, he says;

“We only conclude that the French are more critical than we; and sometimes even plume ourselves a little with the fact, as if the French were less spontaneous”

              Then Eliot talks about ‘tradition’ and ‘historical sense’. He says that if the form of tradition remained only in blind adherence of dead people or ancestors, then it would be lostor such tradition should be destroyed. But, he say that tradition is not in following pre-generation only. This word carries much wider meaning. According to Eliot, in every traditions also there is a bit of novelty, he says;

“Tradition is a matter of much wider significance. It cannot be unherited and if you want it you must obtain it by great labor. It involves in the first place, the historical sense.”

                Historical sense makes a poet to feel that the whole of the literature from homer and the whole of the literature of his own generation has a simultaneous existence. It harmonizes two different things ‘timelessness’ and ‘temporality’ in poet’s work. This makes a poet traditional. Eliot says;

               ‘No poet, no artist of any art has his complete meaning alone. His significance, his appreciation is the appreciation of his relation of the dead poets and artists. You can not value him alone; you must set him, for contrast and comparison among the dead.’

          ‘the past should be altered by the presen as much as the present is directed by the past. And the poet who is aware of this will be aware of great difficulties and responsibilities.’

               When a poet is being judged, in that process two things are being measted by other. Eliot says about ‘a more intelligible exposition of the relation of the poet to the past’. A poet can’t use the past as a shapeless mass. He can’t fit himself in one or two  private admirations, and also he cannot fit himself in one preferred period. The port must know that ‘art never improves, but the substance of the art is changing’. He talk about necessary of knowledge for poets. He rejects that belief that a poet requires a huge amount of learning. He believe that ‘must learing deadens or pervert poetic sensibility’. He is not in favor of confining the knowledge is a matter of absorption. What he wants to be insisted is that a poet first must develop the awareness of the past. According to Eliot,

“The progress of an artist is a continual self-sacrifice, a continual extinction of personality.”

• Theory of Depersonalization

             The theory of Depersonalization or Impersonality is T. S. Eliot’s Unvaluable gift in criticism. He hold that the poet and poem are two different phases; ‘the relation of the poet to the past’ and ‘the relation of the poem to its author.’

In the first phase, he says that the past has never died; it lives in present, and if we approach a poet with an open mind. ‘We shall often find that not only the best but the most individual parts of his work may ne those in which the died poets, his ancestors, assert their immortality mist vigorously.’ If he is a great poet, he alters his work in no small scale. In this concept Eliot says;

"Honest Criticism and sensitive appreciation is directed not upon the poet but upon the poetry."

          Eliot says that the honesty and sensitivity has appreciation directly not trough poet but through poetry. Most of the poetry we find the name and the creativity of poet, but when we seek for enjoyment we seldom get it. For example.. Arvid saksena’s poem on death, here I put some line,

‘maine samjha sabko kisi ne muje na samjha,

‘Aru’ bas itna kehkar aaj chala hoon main’

              This two line poet put his name, when we read whole the poem, we find everywhere elements of mourn. But the end of the poem he puts his name, and there we seldom get mournful enjoyment. In this part depersonalization Eliot talk about the different between mature and immature poets can be find out by liberty ot special and very varued feeling that can enter into new combination.

Eliot gives an example from science – chemistry that 

So3 + H2o = H2So4

         In the process of being sulfurous acid; there are two gases needed: Oxygen and sulfer dioxide and also they must have the presence of filament ‘Platinum’.  Eliot comapares this platinum with the poet. In this whole process filament of platinum plaus vital role but that role is indirect. Eliot insists that the mind of the poet should be like that shred if platinum. It should give its total contribution in creating poetry, then also it should remain unaffected and separate when poetry has come out. 

According to Eliot the poet;s mind is like a tare or utensil in which numerous feelings, phrases and image can be stored  or seized. When poet want them he utilizes them and unites them it doesnot meaning that the poem created by the poet shows his personality or nature. Eliot explains very basic thing of his point that what is expressed by poet is merely a medium, not a personality. According to eliot;

“The poet has not a ‘personality’ to express, but a particular medium, which is only a medium and not a personality”

“This balance of constructed emotion is in the dramatic situation to which the speech is pertinent, but that situation alone is inadequate to it.”

Impressions and experiences come together in unusual and unexpected ways. Eliot says about context that without context nothing can be understood. He gives example from ‘the Revenger’s Tragedy’. He puts some line from that without context to explain this point. Then he says that emotion in poetry remains very complex thing and poet’s own personal emotion may be simple. So every time poet’s own emotion cannot be taken place in poem and if the poet is always looing for new emotion in poem then it will be perverse. A poet has not to find new emotion but he has to use ordinary  emotions. He has to deal with every known emotion, Eliot here twists ‘emotion recollected in tranquility’ he says it an inexact formula. To write poetry he will be considered as a ‘bad poet’ because he becomes unconscious. When a poet escapes from his personality then the great poem come out. A poet must not show his emotion in poetry. Eliot says;

“Poetry is not a turning loose of emotion, but an escape from emotion; it is not the expression of personality but an escape from personality.”

Thus Eliot really opposite the William Wordsworth, in his “Lyrical Ballad” he says that,

“Poetry is spontaneous overflow of powerful feeing: it takes its origin from emotion recollected in tranquility.”

            It means that ‘Spontaneous overflow of powerful feeling’, wordworth opines that poetry is a matter of mood and inspiration. Poetry involve feeling of poets. Poetry’s source is the feeling in the heart, not the ideas. A poet cannot write under pressure. Poetry flows out of his heart in a natural. Deep emotion is the basic condition of poetry, and powerful feeling and emotion is fundamental things. But Eliot rejected wordsworth’s definition of poetry. According to Eliot that, poetry is a thing of entertainment. Poetry should not turning loose of emotion, emotion through poem became more lazy and bore the reader. Eliot says further that poetry should escape from emotion. And it is not the expression of personality but an escape from personality.

• Conclusion

      Thus, Eliot’s second phase is  depersonality and Impersonal is more signification in English literary criticism and theories. The essay ‘Tradition and Individual Talent’ stops at the starting of mysticism, and it can be applied by the responsible person, who really interest in poetry. It is very hard thing to take interest in poetry. We usually  read poem with the name and fame of the poet. We cannot separate them from each other. I would like to one more quotes of Eliot that,

“There are many people who appreciate the expression of sincere emotion in verse, and there is smaller number of people who can appreciate technical excellence. But very few know when there is expression of significant emotion which has its life in the poem and not in the history of the poet.”

          By this statement, he talk about the poet that, we should admire a poem  with poet’s skill and his name is easiest thing. The harder is to knoe the technical skill ot art of the poem. The reader must know that after giving birth of the work od art the connection between art and arist is ended. A poet must know that to reach at the level of impersonality he first has to scarifies himself and has to surrender himself to that work..

• Cites work

www.literary-articles.com/2010/02/t-s-eliots-theory-of-depersonalization.html

www.academia.edu/29758867/T_._S_._Eliots_Theory_of_Depersonalization.docx

Effect of child labour and critique of child labour in Oliver Twist

• Name              : Dodiya Mehul Maheshbhai 
• Roll No           : 23
• Enrollment No: 206910840120011
• Class               : M.A. Sem 2
• Paper Name    : The Victorian Literature
• Question  :  Effect of child labour and critique of child labour in Oliver Twist.
• Words    :  1829
• Year                          : 2017/19
• Submitted to   : Smt. S. B. Gardi Department of English, Maharaja Krishnakumarsinhji Bhavnagar University 

Question: Effect of child labor and critique of child labor in Oliver Twist.

        Oliver twist; or the Parish Boy’s Progress is notable unromantic portrayal written by Charles Dickens. The alternative title, The Parish Boy’s Progress, alludes to Buyan’s The Pilgrim’s Progress, as well as the 18th century caricature series by Willam Hogarth, A Rake’s Progress and A Horlot’s Progress. In this early example of the social novel, Dickens satirises the hypocrisies of his time, including child labor, the recruitment of children as criminal, and the presence of street children. The novel may have been inspired bu the story of Robert Blincoe, an orphan whose account of working as a child laborer in a cotton mill was widely read in the 1830s. 

• About the Author

              Charles John Huffam Dickens was an English writer, Social Critic and News editor. He created some invaluable work in Victorian Era. Dickens left the school in factory when his father was incarcerated in a debtor’s prison. He edited a weekly journel for 20 years, wrote 15 novels, 5 novellas and hundreds of short story. He was campaigned vigorously for children’s rights, education, and other social reforms. Dickens was the first person to make the serialization of the novels profitable and was able to expand his audience to including those who could not normally afford such literary works. In 1836 Dickens married Catherine Hogarth; the couple had ten children before their separation. Later Dickens fell in love with Ellen Ternan. Dickens supported her financially until the time of his death. On June 9, 1870, Charles died. He was buried in poet’s corner of Westminster Abbey.

• What is Child Labor?

          Child Labor is the biggest issue of whole world. Child labor is the social issue that is child has worked on the factory and many other places, and which time is the his/her childhood. Labour Organization (ILO), not all work done by children should be classified as child labour which international programs such as the international programs such as the International Programmed on the Elimination of child Labour (IPEC) target to be eliminated. They give definition that,

“Child labour is often defined as work that deprives children of their childhood, their potential and their dignity and that is harmful to physical and mental development. It refers to work that;

Is mentally, psycally, socially or morally dangerous and harmful to children; 

Interferes with their schooling by

Depriving them to leave school prematurely;

Requiring them to attempt to combine school attendance with excessively long and heavy work.

The ILO states diplomatically that “The answer varies from to country, as well as among  sectors within countries”. UNICEF defines,

“Child labour as work that exceeds a minimum number of hours, depending on the age of a child and on the type of work. Such work is considered harmful to the child and should there be eliminated."

• Today’s Condition

            It is not issue of the Victorian era and England but also it is issue of whole the world. We live in India we find that many child has worked because of lack of economy and financial condition. It is not only the issue of cities but also we find that in  villege child has worked in farm. If we are in the way of progress then why today’s writer and speaker oftenly compared today with Victorian Era? Poverty make a condition and child parents have to earn money. We  can say that increase of industry and machine is the reason of the poverty and also child labor, the poover parents doesnot get a employment and as a result they have to work on small income. India has a federal form of government and labour being a subject in the concurrent List, both the central and state governments can and have lefislated on child labor. The major national legislative developments including the following.

1. The Factories Act of 1948
2. The Mines act of 1952
3. The child and Adolescent Labour Act of 1986
4. The Juvenile Justice of Children Act of 2015
5. The Right of children to Free and Compulsory Education Act of 2009

• Victorian Era

           Charles Dickens was a Victorian writer, thus he saws many revolution and revolt. Dickens himself experienced as Labor during his early life, when his father totally debated. Thus we find Revolutionary elements on his works, that time he worked as a Social reformer. In Oliver Twist, we find that the main theme was Child labor. He does so to highlight, right at the very beginning, how morality or ideology could be consider a very shaky concept in those days. He immediately goes ahead and shares with the readers the manner of upbringing of his protagonist. Oliver supposed to have some nurture and care; he is many with “a systematic course of treachery and deception.” Own can therefore see that right in the very onset itself, Dickens foes to all lengths to prepare the reader for worse to come, so much so that he ends the first chapter with these word,

“Oliver cried lustily. IF he could have known that he was an orphan, left to the tender mercies of church wardens, perhaps he would have cried the louder”

               This only foreshadows the future life events of the child protagonist, which according to Dickens would be a constant reason to make him want to cry and express his helplessness.

• Criminals and Crime for Living

            The Character of Dodger and Bates are often seen practicing their skills with the help of Fagin who stuffs a variety of things into his pockets and “trotted up and down the room with a stick, in imitation of the manner in which old gentlemen walk  about the streets any hour in the day. Sometime he stopped at the five at the point, Dodger would accidently step on his boot ot Bates would bump into him and with the stealth of experienced pickpockets, do away with either Fagin’s handkerchief. “If old man felt a hand in any one of his pockets, he cried out where it was; and then the game began all over again.” Oliver is also made to practice in a similar way although at tht poinr he fails to realize the real motive of the seemingly harmless game. It is only later when he is sent out with Dodger and Bates and when he sees the two boys in action, does it dawn upon him what the game was meant for. What was Oliver’s horror and alarm as he stood a few paces off, looking on with his eyeline as wide open as they possibly go to see the Dodger plunge his hand into the old gentleman’s pocket and draw from thence a Handkerchief. 

This exploit not only exposes the reality of the Victorian society which was then prevalent, it also conveys a social message. Dickens appeals to the reader, through his narration of Oliver Twist to leave the vulnerable children where they belong. He also makes a strong statement by highlighting the need got abolition of child labor altogether.

Generally, the children and poor and also orphan ate become the victim of child labor, during the age of Victorian Infudstrial Child labor was at the top and the rile of that factory was that most children befan working at year of age and wrenot allowed to leave the factory until they were 21. The children had too sign contracts called indentures that virtually made them the property of the factory owner. The novel of Fickens Oliver Twist id also written under the influence of this problem. Oliver Twist is also one of the best example of it, as he sometimes became violent under the effect in his behavior but we could see the changes in his behavior when he was lived with Mr. Brownlow. Oliver was talking in a food manner and also we first time see that he was enjoying his childhood. The efforts of Dickens to make people realize the gravity of child labor should be appreciated as he criticized society that he lived in for all the reasons. In the novel Oliver Twist we found the situation of child labor thrift the mouthpiece of the character of the novel as,

“What a fine thing capital punishment dead men never repent dead en never bring awkward stories to light the prospect of the fallows too make them hardy and bold as it is a thin for the reade five of them strung up in a row and none left to play booty of turn heart livered.”

             Furthermore, as dickens point out the official who run the work horurs bluntly violented the values they preaxhed to the poor. Dickens describes with feat saecasm the greed, laziness and arrogance of charitable workers like Ms. Bumble and Mrs. Mann. In general charitable institutes only reproduced the awful condition in which the poor could love any way. As Dickens put ot the door chooses between “being starved nt a gradual process in the house or by quick one of it” The situation of children in a work house was bery poor that they could not even askinf=g for some more food as when Oliver said,

“Please Sir, Give me more”

• Conclusion

      One can therefore conclude that the social problem of child labor troubled many writers across the age and many of those writers raised their voice against this malpractice by way of their works.

• Cite Work

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_labour

https://victorianera-olivertwist.weebly.com/child-labor-in-oliver-twist.html

heeralbhatt112013.blogspot.com/2013/03/childlabour-oliver-twist-name-a.html

Female character in Frankenstein with Feministic perspective

Name         : Dodiya Mehul Maheshbhai 

• Roll No           : 23
• Enrollment No: 206910840120011
• Class               : M.A. Sem 2
• Paper Name    : The Romantic Literature
• Question  : Women character in Frankenstein with feministic perceptive 
• Words    :  2210
• Year                          : 2017/19
• Submitted to   : Smt. S. B. Gardi Department of English, Maharaja Krishnakumarsinhji Bhavnagar University 

Question 1  : Female character in Frankenstein with Feministic  perspective.

Frankenstein; or the modern Prometheus, is the Gothic novel Written by Mary Shelley. It is famous for the anthropology because of now a day we find that the science also develops as well as 19 century Mary Shelley think. I means today Robert and surgery also a part of imagination of Mary Shelley.

About the Author

           Mary Shelley was born on 30th August 1797, in London. She was the daughter of William Godwin, he was the Philosopher and political writer and her mother was a Feminist, name was Wollstonecraft, the writer of ‘the Vindication of the Rights of woman’.  She never knew her mother who died shortly after her birth. Her father left to care for Shelley and her older half sister Fanny Imlay, and her father married to Mary Jane Clairmont in 1801. Shelley never got along with her step mother. Her step mother decided that her stepsister Jane should be sent away to school, but she saw no need to educate Shelley.

      Thus Shelley often used her father’s extensive library. Shelley could often be found reading, sometimes by her mother’s grave. She also liked to daydream, escaping from her often challenging home life into her imagination. During the summer of 1812, Shelley went to Scotland to stay, there she experienced a type of domestic tranquility she had never known. After the returning she had a relationship with P.B. Shelley. He was the devoted student of her father. He was still married. Both were fled England together with the help of her step sister Jane. The Shelley were in Switzerland with Jane Clairmont, Lord Byron and John Polidori. The group entertained themselves one mainly day by reading a book of Ghost stories. Lord Byron suggested that they should try their hand at writing their own horror story. It was at this time that Mary Shelley began work on what would become her most famous novel, Frankenstein, or the modern Prometheus. After the suicide of Fanny and also P.B. Shelley’s wife they able to  wed in December 1816. She did not have the easiest marriage. Their union was riddled with adultery and heartache, including the death of two more children. In 1819 their son Percy Florence, was the only one child to live to adulthood. Mary’s life was rocked by another tragedy in 1822 when her husband drowned. He had been out sailing with a friend in the Gulf of spezia.

     After the death of her husband she worked hard to support herself and son. She wrote several more novels including Valperga and the science fiction tale The Last Man.  Marry died of brain Cancer on Feb 1, 1851 in London. 

What is Feminism?

              Feminism is the theory that Men and Women should be equal, politically, socially and the economically. 

         The feminism has not inaugurated until the 1960s, behind it, however lies two century of the struggle for the recognition of women’s cultural role and achievements and for the women’s social  and political rights, marked by such a books like Wollstonecraft’s Vindication of the Rights of women, John Stuart Mill’s The subjection of women and the American Margart Fuller’s Women in the 19th century. There are some special assumptions like,

1. Intellectually inferior
2. Physically weak
3. Emotional, irruptive and irrational
4. Suited to the role of wives
5. Women could not vote
6. They were not educated at school and Colleges
7. A married woman’s property and salary were owned by her husband.
8. Rape and physical abuse are legal within marriage
9. Divorce available to men but women far more difficult to women.
10. Women had no rights to their children if they left a marriage
11. Society Patriarchy

          First of I would like to tell you that Mary Shelley was the daughter of Wollstonecraft, who is one of Feminist. Whose books are very significance for Feminist activity. Of course it is true that the birth of Mary Shelley, she gone away but we can say that they have some spatiality on her writing like to feministic perspective and the Gothic Novel. Of course she (Mary Shelley) was not the Feminist, but however we find that she wrote feminist criticism in her famous Gothic novel ‘Frankenstein; or the Modern Prometheus. In her novel she wrote women character like Caroline Beaufort, Elizabeth Lavenza, Justine Moritz and the lady Monster, but it’s all above characters are minor than Man Characters. We find that she wrote above characters in many feministic perceptive. Thus the author characterizes each woman as passive, disposable and serving a utilitarian function. The sake of the teaching male character a lession or sparking an emotion within him. Each of Shelley’s women serves a very specific purpose in Frankenstein. The few women who we can see in the novel are submissive women, confined to their homes, engaged in housework, caring for their husband and children or they are simply servants. Men have the opportunity of having intellect. Men work consists in business, studying, travelling around the world.

• Caroline Beaufort

      She was the mother of Victor Frankenstein and William Frankenstein, and the wife of Alphonse Frankenstein. Who adopted Elizabeth and Justine. According to movie, she died at during the child birth and according to Novel she died at the fever. If we see the novel on feministic perceptive we should not forget the important women character in the Frankenstein. Caroline was devoted her life to her father, and when her father died she married her father’s best friend. Finally she dies needlessly sacrificing herself for her son’s mate; this is a lifetime dedicated to men. when Caroline died, Victor says:

             “She indeed veiled  her grief and strove to act the comforter to us all. She looked steadily on life and assumed its duties with courage and zeal. She devoted herself to those whom she had been taught to call her uncle and cousin. Never was she so enchanting as at this time, when she recalled the sunshine of her smiles and spent them upon us. She forgot even her own regret in her endeavors to make us forget.”

•  Elizabeth Lavenza

          Elizabeth was an orphan girl, who was four to five years younger than victor, whom the Alphonse Frankenstein and Caroline Beaufort adopted. Thus she has became a step sister of Victor Frankenstein but however both are fall in love with each together. We find that in this novel Elizabeth embodies motif of passive women, as she waits patiently for victor’s attention. We find that she also suffered, as a woman, as lover and also as sister. We find that in her character that she became inferior than Victor.

               According to Feminist perceptive and definition that Men and women should be equal. But we find that Elizabeth did not get equality. When she adopted by Frankenstein family. She was very beautiful or very emotive. We find that Mary Shelley wrote this character very passive. As lover she did not get a respect from her lover, like when Victor had gone to Ingolstadt for more Knowledge, and during her experiment He did not write a letter her, of course he wrote but he did not write as a lover and also he did not give a respect as a lover. Therefore she did not tell about it. When she went to meet him at Ingolstadt, there He also did not give a time for her and also he did not tell about her experiment which is doing during this time. This shows us what  Victor really feels for Elizabeth, she is like a trained pet that make her work and waits for her master at home. Thus Mary describe this character very inferior than male characters. She also suffering from physically. She is very emotional and Irrational, like when Victor leave and behave like very cruelly she became more emotional and irrational. And when Victor return to his day to day life Elizabeth also forgets all his cruelty and accepted as her lover and wed. but however after the marriage still she did not get peace like at the wedding night Victor’s Creation killed her. Thus we can compare this character with Feministic perspective at first wave. Some critics believe that Elizabeth is herself of Mary Shelly. If we compare Mary’s Life and Elizabeth’s life we find that most of events have same. Mary loved P. B. Shelley and during her life she faced two death first is her step-sister Fanny and second is P. B. Shelley’s first wife. As well as Elizabeth has faced two deaths like first Victor’s brother William, who is killed by monster, and second is Justine. Whom is very closer friend of Elizabeth. Elizabath did not even have the opportunity to go to college, to travel or to live by herself. At the end of novel Victor plan to marry, and Victor is asked though Elizabeth is never questioned. She has to get married beacuase of she is a woman. He hardldy  cares about her throughout the story; this is the reason why Elizabeth is murdered. When the monster say that he will be at his wedding night, Victor thinks only of himself, he does not think of his patner. 

• Justine Moritz

   Justine is the housekeeper for the Frankenstein family. We do not learn much about her character except that she embodies the best in suffering for a just case. She represents graceful suffering in the face of injustice, much like a martyr. Justine is well treated by the Frankenstein family and is regarded not as household help, but with the esteem and affection accorded a family member. Thus we can say that Victor Frankenstein’s families take care only for as a slave. We can find that in this character that Women have not rights for rising hand. When Monster killed William, the mass have believe that this murder has done by Justine because of she finds a locket of Victor and Elizabeth’s, which is saw by William, and thus people lunching. Thus through the character of Justine, Mary Shelley addresses the issues of equal treatment for domestic help and the accommodation of those in need of aid. Because of all that she endures, Justine is sympathetic character who elicits a favorable response and empathy from the reader.

•  Lady Monster

      The various film adaptions have managed to create the female monster, which Victor Frankenstein never created in the novel. The question is why Victor refused to create a female figure, that is to say, why Mary Shelley do not want a Female monster. First of all the monster threatens its creator; if he did not make a fellow like him, the monster will ruin Victor’s life. Victor has different theories for refusing to create a female monster. Firstly both monsters could reproduce and have children, which would mean the end of the world. Secondly if the monsters became murders, then could destroy humanity. According to Movie; after the creation of Monster, Monster is not accepted by society, only for its ugliness. Thus Monster demanded a lady Monster thus He run away but Victor does not want to create more, whose will became destroyed society and human being. That time Victor did not create the monster but when Monster killed her wife I means Elizabeth, He create one lady Monster. After the creation Both, Creature and Victor Frankenstein fought each other only for a lady, there we find that women has not rights to choose her partner. When lady monster realize her face to creature face, I mean when she choose her partner herself, that time Victor made her confused at list it (Lady Monster) Committed suicide.

• Conclusion

  The feminist Criticism was not inaugurated until late in 1960s. Mary Shelley published this Gothic novel in 1818. Thus we find that her problems in her works. The second reason is that her mother was the most significant feminist, whose books were inspired women to Rights. Frankenstein or the modern Prometheus is not only a Gothic novel full of horror and science fiction, it is a novel that criticizes society By the absence of important women in the novel, Mary Shelley is depicting a patriarchal system. Reader realize  what is missing in the work to find femininity.

             Through her novel, we find that Mary Shelley lived in the 19th century when women barely  had a voice in society. She was a woman ahead of her time, yet she could not write a novel denouncing the sexist system in which she lived, because then this novel would never have been published. She used the Gothic and terrifying ingredients to make the world see what would happen if the man managed to dominate the science, that is, if the man was able to violate nature. Mary Shelley make Frankenstein a masterpiece, which has been analysed from very different points of view and which even today remains a mystery.

• Cites works

https://www.mytutor.co.uk/answers/5323/A-Level/English-Literature/Discuss-feminism-in-Mary-Shelley-s-Frankenstein

https://electrastreet.net/2014/11/monstrosity-and-feminism-in-frankenstein/